探秘 | 現(xiàn)實中自動駕駛汽車上路情況

來源：數(shù)據(jù)觀 時間：2019-03-14 14:17:39 作者：Rob Verger

　　Where to find self-driving cars on the road right now

　　Autonomous cars seem futuristic, but they’re already on the streets.

　　自動駕駛汽車看起來倍具未來感，但其實它們已經(jīng)上路了。

　　數(shù)據(jù)觀/黃玉葉（編譯）

　　Headlines abound about self-driving cars, but there’s a big difference between reading about them and seeing one, replete with all its sensors, on the street. Or, for that matter, taking a ride in one. Uber is back on the road with its self-driving cars, and plenty of other outfits are making progress and running their cars in states like California, Michigan, and Pennsylvania. Here’s an evolving round-up of what’s going on with self-driving cars on public roads.

　　關于自動駕駛汽車的新聞標題比比皆是，閱讀這樣的報道和在街上實際看到一輛搭載傳感器的自動駕駛汽車亦或身臨其境卻是大相徑庭的。優(yōu)步憑借其自動駕駛汽車重新回歸，一眾公司也在這方面相繼取得進展，并在加州、密歇根州和賓夕法尼亞州等運營自己的品牌汽車。以下我們就來看看一波自動駕駛汽車的上路情況。

　　Aptiv

　　Las Vegas, Boston, Pittsburgh, Singapore

　　拉斯維加斯，波士頓，匹茲堡，新加坡

　　The name “Aptiv” might not ring a bell, but if you visit Las Vegas, you could ride in one of their autonomous vehicles after hailing a Lyft. They first began offering rides in their cars during the Consumer Electronics Show in January, 2018, and the program has grown from there. The company currently has 30 autonomous cars on the roads in Sin City; they cruise around 20 hours a day, seven days a week. Aptiv says they’ve completed more than 30,000 Lyft trips and hauled around more than 50,000 passengers, and while the vehicles are autonomous, a real human sits behind the wheel and in the passenger seat, too. Aptiv—which purchased self-driving car company nuTonomy in 2017—also tests their cars in Boston, Pittsburgh, and Singapore.

　　“Aptiv”這個名字可能不見經(jīng)傳，但是如果你去趟拉斯維加斯，用Lyft打個車，你就有機會乘坐他們的自動駕駛汽車。Lyft在2018年1月的CES國際消費類電子產(chǎn)品展覽會(Consumer Electronics Show)上首次開啟了Lyft“全自動駕駛”打車服務，至此，該項目發(fā)展延續(xù)至今。該公司目前在“罪惡之城”拉斯維加斯擁有30輛自動駕駛汽車，他們一周7天每天航行20小時左右。Apti方面表示，他們已經(jīng)完成了3萬多趟Lyft行程，載送了超過5萬名乘客。雖然這些車輛是自動駕駛的，但方向盤和乘客座位上也各坐著真人。據(jù)悉，Aptiv在2017年收購了自動駕駛汽車公司nuTonomy——該公司也在波士頓、匹茲堡和新加坡測試他們的汽車。

　　Aurora

　　Palo Alto, San Francisco, and Pittsburgh

　　帕洛阿爾托，舊金山和匹茲堡

　　Like Aptiv, Aurora may not be a familiar name, but Amazon, an investor in the company, obviously is. Aurora announced on February 7 that it had scored more than $530 million in financing from the likes of Sequoia and Amazon; the company is developing its own self-driving technology while working with Volkswagen, Hyundai, and Byton. Their self-driving VW e-Golfs and Lincoln MKZs are on the streets of Palo Alto, San Francisco, and Pittsburgh—with two vehicle operators on board, too.

　　和Aptiv一樣，Aurora可能不是一個熟悉的名字，但該公司的投資者亞馬遜(Amazon)顯然家喻戶曉。Aurora于2月7日宣布，已從紅杉(Sequoia)和亞馬遜(Amazon)等公司獲得逾5.3億美元融資，該公司正在開發(fā)自己的自動駕駛技術，與此同時他們還和大眾、現(xiàn)代以及Byton合作。他們的自動駕駛汽車大眾e-Golfs系列和林肯MKZ系列已在帕洛阿爾托、舊金山和匹茲堡的街道上行駛，車上還有兩名汽車駕駛員。

　　Cruise

　　San Francisco; Scottsdale, Arizona and Orion, Michigan

　　舊金山，斯科茨代爾，亞歷桑那州，密歇根州

　　General Motors has owned autonomous car company Cruise since 2016, and their gen-three autonomous Chevy Bolts are on the roads of San Francisco, Scottsdale, Arizona, and Orion, Michigan. (The Bolt is Chevy’s all-electric vehicle, and not to be confused with their hybrid Volt, which they recently put out to the asphalt pasture.) These self-driving Bolts have safety drivers behind the wheel, and in San Francisco, they’re part of an internal ride-sharing program, called Cruise Anywhere, for over a 1,000 employees who can use hail one to catch a ride. Cruise and General Motors have also made a splash by revealing their generation-four concept vehicle, a Bolt that has no steering wheel or pedals.

　　通用汽車公司自2016年起擁有了自動駕駛汽車公司Cruise，其自制的三代雪佛蘭Bolts已經(jīng)行駛在舊金山、斯科茨代爾、亞歷桑那州、密歇根州的路上。(Bolt是雪佛蘭的全電動汽車，切勿與他們最近向柏油牧場推出的混合動力汽車混淆。)這些自動駕駛的Bolts車都有安全駕駛員坐在方向盤后，這是舊金山內部共享乘車計劃Cruise Anywhere的一部分，這個項目為超過1,000名的員工提供服務，他們可以用來打車。Cruise和通用汽車公司也通過發(fā)布他們沒有方向盤或腳踏板的四代概念車Bolt而名聲大噪。

　　Drive.ai

　　Frisco and Arlington, Texas

　　舊金山和阿林頓，德克薩斯州

　　A self-driving van in Texas.德州路上的一輛自動駕駛廂車

　　Like Aptiv and Aurora, the name Drive.ai may not be familiar, but they’re already offering a self-driving service in two places in Texas: Frisco and Arlington. Both of those towns are in the Dallas, Fort Worth area, and both services use self-driving vans and safety drivers to shuttle people around in a specific, geofenced region. The service in Arlington is the more public of the two—so if you’re visiting Arlington, you could summon a self-driving van, for free, via an app or through a kiosk. The vans even have signs on them to let pedestrians know what they’re doing.

　　就像Aptiv和Aurora一樣，Drive.ai的名字可能不為公眾所知，但他們已經(jīng)在德克薩斯州的兩個地方提供自動駕駛服務：舊金山和阿靈頓。這兩個城鎮(zhèn)都位于達拉斯地區(qū)，兩個地方的服務都是使用自動駕駛的廂車配備安全司機在特定地理位置區(qū)域內接送乘客。阿靈頓的這項服務更較為公開化，因此，如果你碰巧正在造訪阿靈頓，就可以通過應用程序或自助服務站免費叫到一輛自動駕駛廂車，車身上甚至有標志，能讓路人知道你在乘坐自動駕駛汽車。

　　Ford

　　Miami, Pittsburgh, Washington, D.C., and Dearborn, Michigan

　　邁阿密，匹茲堡，華盛頓，密歇根

　　A Ford Fusion Hybrid.福特融合混合動力車

　　Ford is working with a company called Argo AI for its self-driving cars. The company has autonomous vehicles on the road in Miami, Pittsburgh, Washington, D.C. and Dearborn, Michigan. They're also licensed to start testing this year in Palo Alto, California. Those cars also have two safety personnel on board—one behind the wheel, and one in the passenger seat.

　　福特正在與一家名為Argo AI的公司合作研發(fā)自動駕駛汽車。該公司在邁阿密、匹茲堡、華盛頓特區(qū)和密歇根州迪爾伯恩都有自動駕駛汽車。他們還獲得了今年在加州帕洛阿爾托開始測試的許可。這些車上都配備了兩名安全員，一名在駕駛位，另一名在乘客位上。

　　The automaker has also been working with Dominos, Postmates, and Walmart to explore the intersection of self-driving cars and business deliveries; interestingly, those cars are designed to look like self-driving cars, but actually are just regular vehicles with humans driving them. These fake self-driving tests are so the company can learn about logistics and human-car interactions at the pick-up and drop-off points.

　　這家汽車制造商還與Dominos、Postmates和沃爾瑪(Walmart)合作，探索自動駕駛汽車和商業(yè)快遞的交叉領域。有趣的是，這些汽車的設計看起來像是自動駕駛汽車，但實際上只是普通的司機駕駛汽車。這些假的自動駕駛測試只是為了讓該公司能夠在接送點了解物流和人車互動的情況。

　　Finally, it is eying a 2021 launch of an autonomous commercial service that would carry people and goods in multiple cities, including Miami and Washington, D.C.

　　最后，該公司預計在2021年將推出一項自動駕駛商業(yè)服務，在邁阿密和華盛頓特區(qū)等多個城市運送載人員和貨物。

　　Nuro

　　Scottsdale, Arizona

　　亞利桑那州，斯科茨代爾

This unmanned vehicle delivers groceries.正在運送食雜貨品的無人駕駛汽車

　　Not all self-driving cars exist to transport humans. An 8-foot-long vehicle from Nuro called the R1 is designed to carry only groceries, but unlike a delivery robot that cruises on sidewalks, this car goes on the roads. In December, they kicked off a pilot program in which the the unmanned electric vehicle can deliver groceries from a Fry's Food Stores in Scottsdale to humans in the area.

　　并非所有的自動駕駛汽車都是用來載人的。這款來自Nuro，名為R1，車長8英尺的自動駕駛汽車其設計初衷就是運送雜貨，但與人行道上巡航的送貨機器人不同，這款汽車可以上路。去年12月，Nuro啟動了一個試點項目，在這個項目中，無人駕駛的電動汽車可以把斯科茨代爾地區(qū)一家名為Fry's食品店的貨物運送到該片區(qū)人們的手上。

　　Uber

　　Pittsburgh in autonomous mode; San Francisco and Toronto in manual mode

　　自動模式下匹茲堡;手動模式下舊金山和多倫多

Volvos equipped with self-driving equipment from Uber. 配備優(yōu)步自動駕駛設備的沃爾沃車系

　　The worst tragedy by far in the world of self-driving cars occurred on March 18, 2018, when an autonomous Uber killed a pedestrian in Tempe, Arizona. While they yanked their vehicles off the road after that disaster, the ride-sharing company’s Advanced Technologies Group returned in December of last year with a much smaller focus: their cars cruise in self-driving mode on a short route in Pittsburgh. Uber says those vehicles only run on weekdays, during the day, and not in bad weather—but that they could expand that domain as time goes on. One crucial change is that the automatic braking system that comes with the Volvos they are using will now be engaged while the vehicle is in autonomous mode—previously that wasn’t the case, according to an NTSB report on the March accident. Finally, Uber is also running their autonomous cars in Toronto and San Francisco in manual mode, meaning a human is driving. That exercise helps the company gather data for mapping and running simulations. Two humans, or "mission specialists," will be in the cars at all times, according to Uber.

　　2018年3月18日，無人駕駛汽車領域發(fā)生了迄今為止最慘烈的悲劇，一輛無人駕駛的Uber車在亞利桑那州坦佩撞死了一名行人。意外發(fā)生后，Uber主動把他們的汽車從公路上下架，但這家拼車公司的先進技術集團在去年12月卷土重來，并專注于新的局限領域：他們的汽車在匹茲堡的一條短途路線上，以自動駕駛模式巡航。Uber表示，這些車輛只在天氣好的工作日和白天運行——但隨著時間的推移，他們注定拓展這一領域。據(jù)美國國家運輸安全委員會(NTSB) 3月份發(fā)布的事故報告，其中一個關鍵的變化是，他們正在使用的沃爾沃的自動剎車系統(tǒng)將在車輛處于自動模式時自動啟動，而此前情況并非如此。最后，Uber還在多倫多和舊金山以手動模式運行他們的自動駕駛汽車，這意味著其實有人在駕駛。這種做法有助于該公司收集數(shù)據(jù)，以進行繪圖和行駛模擬。根據(jù)Uber的說法，車內將始終有兩名人員，即“任務專管員”。

　　Waymo

　　Chandler, Mesa, Tempe, and Gilbert, Arizona

　　錢德勒，梅薩，坦佩和吉爾伯特，亞利桑那州

A self-driving shuttle in Ohio.俄亥俄州的自動駕駛航汽車Smart Columbus

　　Waymo began as an internal self-driving project from Google, and is now an Alphabet-owned company in its own right. They recently launched an autonomous taxi service in four cities in the Phoenix, Arizona area, which is only open to hundreds of people, according to the company; those people can use an app to summon a self-driving Chrysler Pacifica (which has two Waymo-employed humans up front) and then go somewhere in it, like Uber or Lyft.

　　Waymo最初是谷歌的一個內部自動駕駛項目，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)是一家擁有alphabet所有權的公司。據(jù)該公司稱，他們最近在亞利桑那州鳳凰城的四個城市推出了一項自動駕駛出租車服務，該服務只對數(shù)百人進行開放。這些人可以使用一款應用打到一輛自動駕駛汽車Chrysler Pacifica(該車會配備兩名waymo雇員在前排座位)，然后你可以乘坐它去某個地方，就像Uber或Lyft打車那樣。

　　Waymo One is an evolution of testing the company had already been doing in the Phoenix area, called the Waymo early rider program. A leader in the autonomous car space, Waymo has racked up more than 10 million miles of running autonomous cars on public roads, and billions of simulated miles, too.

　　Waymo One是該公司在鳳凰城(Phoenix)地區(qū)已經(jīng)開展的一項測試(Waymo early rider program)的升級版。作為自動駕駛汽車領域的領頭羊，Waymo已經(jīng)積累了超過1000萬英里的自動駕駛實際公路里程，以及數(shù)十億英里的模擬里程。

　　Zoox

　　San Francisco

　　舊金山

Zoox prototypes don't yet venture on public roads. Zoox的原型還沒有在公路上試水

　　Autonomous vehicle company Zoox is working on creating an innovative kind of car—an electric vehicle designed specifically to be self-driving that can cruise either forwards or backwards (both the front and rear wheels can turn; see an image of prototypes above). But today, in San Francisco, Zoox is testing approximately 24 autonomous Toyota Prius and Highlander vehicles equipped with sensors and Zoox self-driving software. The cars have a safety driver behind the wheel, as well as a software operator onboard, and while they have a permit from the California Public Utilities Commission to pick up passengers, they’re not yet doing so. Eventually—like other companies in this space— their goal is to create an autonomous ride-hailing service in a city, although Zoox intends to use their own custom-made bidirectional vehicles for the fleet.

　　自動駕駛汽車公司Zoox正致力于創(chuàng)造一種創(chuàng)新型汽車——一款專為自動駕駛設計的電動汽車，既可以向前行駛也可以向后行駛(前輪和后輪都可以轉動，詳情請參考上面的原型圖)。但是目前在舊金山，Zoox正在測試大約24輛裝有傳感器和Zoox自動駕駛軟件的豐田 Prius車和高地車。這些車的方向盤后有一名安全駕駛員，車上還有一名軟件操作員。雖然他們獲得了加州公共事業(yè)委員會(California Public Utilities Commission)的許可，可以搭載乘客，但他們目前還沒有這么做。最終，就像這個領域的其他公司一樣，他們的目標是在一個城市創(chuàng)建自主的叫車服務，盡管Zoox曾經(jīng)打算讓車隊定制并使用他們自己的雙向車。

　　Finally, others continue to work in the autonomous car industry, from the little to big. A self-driving shuttle began operations on December 10 in Columbus, Ohio, for example. And of course, Tesla produces a semi-autonomous feature for its vehicles, called Autopilot, to assist drivers and even suggest making a lane change.

　　最終，其他人將繼續(xù)在自動駕駛汽車行業(yè)中深耕，蔚為大觀。例如，一架自動駕駛班車于12月10日已經(jīng)在俄亥俄州哥倫布市開始運行。當然，特斯拉也為其汽車開發(fā)了一種半自動駕駛的功能，稱為Autopilot，以協(xié)助司機駕駛，甚至提供變道建議。

　　注：《現(xiàn)實中自動駕駛汽車上路情況》來源于Popular Science(點擊查看原文)。數(shù)據(jù)觀黃玉葉/編譯，轉載請注明譯者和來源。

責任編輯：李蘭松