難民身份認(rèn)證難？區(qū)塊鏈來(lái)解決
來(lái)源：燈塔大數(shù)據(jù) 時(shí)間：2018-08-23 13:59:46 作者：
導(dǎo)讀：在緬甸，穆斯林少數(shù)民族因?yàn)楸粍儕Z公民身份，一直都是殘暴暴力活動(dòng)的目標(biāo)，而鑒于區(qū)塊鏈可以分散，透明和安全地存儲(chǔ)重要個(gè)人信息，最近羅興亞民族難民正在利用區(qū)塊鏈型技術(shù)解決他們公民身份問(wèn)題。（文末更多往期譯文推薦）
羅興亞難民正在考慮利用區(qū)塊鏈型技術(shù)，解決他們現(xiàn)有的最大問(wèn)題之一：缺乏官方認(rèn)可的身份。
幾十年來(lái)，穆斯林少數(shù)民族在其祖國(guó)緬甸被剝奪了公民身份，一直是殘暴暴力活動(dòng)的目標(biāo)，并且暴力活動(dòng)于一年前的本周達(dá)到高潮。由佛教民兵領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的“清理行動(dòng)”使超過(guò)70萬(wàn)羅興亞人越過(guò)邊境進(jìn)入孟加拉國(guó)，但是他們沒(méi)有護(hù)照或官方身份證。
此后，緬甸政府同意將羅興亞人接回，但卻拒絕給予他們公民身份。許多羅興亞人不想回歸緬甸去面對(duì)沒(méi)有家庭沒(méi)有身份的生活。這場(chǎng)日益嚴(yán)重的危機(jī)促使Muhammad Noor和他的項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)試圖尋找一種數(shù)字化方案來(lái)解決難題。
“為什么像銀行或政府這樣的集中化機(jī)構(gòu)擁有我的身份，”總部設(shè)在吉隆坡的羅興亞社區(qū)負(fù)責(zé)人Noor說(shuō)?！皼Q定我是我的人又是誰(shuí)？”
Noor正在試圖基于區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)使用數(shù)字身份證，來(lái)幫助馬來(lái)西亞，孟加拉國(guó)和沙特阿拉伯的羅興亞人獲得銀行和教育等服務(wù)。希望成功的試驗(yàn)?zāi)軌蚪⒁粋€(gè)造福整個(gè)東南亞社區(qū)的系統(tǒng)。
根據(jù)該項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃，區(qū)塊鏈數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)用于記錄個(gè)人數(shù)字身份證，一旦難民進(jìn)行了測(cè)試，驗(yàn)證結(jié)果顯示他是真正的羅興亞人，就可以發(fā)給該難民個(gè)人身份證。
Noor的目標(biāo)是讓羅興亞人居住的國(guó)家能夠使用一種彈性系統(tǒng)，來(lái)重新賦予難民的公民身份，從而允許他們獲得社會(huì)計(jì)劃，法律權(quán)利，教育和醫(yī)療保健。在這個(gè)階段，羅興亞項(xiàng)目的主要目標(biāo)是解決無(wú)國(guó)籍人民面臨的最突出問(wèn)題：金融排斥。
Noor的團(tuán)隊(duì)是一群全球各地難民和無(wú)國(guó)籍人士組成，他們利用了區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)的力量來(lái)恢復(fù)他們的身份。
區(qū)塊鏈的概念來(lái)自數(shù)字貨幣比特幣，它通過(guò)將交易分組為10分鐘長(zhǎng)的塊來(lái)跟蹤貨幣在其生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的流動(dòng)，每個(gè)塊與一系列交易中的每個(gè)先前塊都密不可分。
由于這些區(qū)塊創(chuàng)建和鏈接的規(guī)則，它們可以作為誰(shuí)擁有什么的不可變記錄，即使沒(méi)有任何中央權(quán)限驗(yàn)證。分布式且不可信的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的屬性已被證明對(duì)除電子貨幣以外的其他用途也很有潛力，區(qū)塊鏈初創(chuàng)公司現(xiàn)在可以提供從云計(jì)算到虛擬交易卡的所有服務(wù)。
區(qū)塊鏈近年來(lái)在人道主義者群體中受到歡迎，慈善機(jī)構(gòu)利用它來(lái)廉價(jià)轉(zhuǎn)移資金并向難民提供援助。
在第一次海灣戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間，Tufic Al Rjula的出生證明在科威特被摧毀。Al Rjula曾在荷蘭難民營(yíng)生活了兩年，遇到了1000多名其他“隱形的”男人，女人和兒童，他們的身份證明文件也被毀或無(wú)法核實(shí)。
多年以后，Al Rjula親身經(jīng)歷了出生證，駕駛執(zhí)照和學(xué)位等集中式紙質(zhì)身份證很容易丟失，偽造或?yàn)E用的情況，他與Jimmy Snoek共同創(chuàng)辦了獲獎(jiǎng)的初創(chuàng)公司Tykn。 Tykn的使命宣言是為所有人提供“自我主權(quán)身份”。
原文
Rohingya turn to blockchain to solve identity crisis
Rohingya refugees are turning to blockchain-type technology to help address one of their most existential threats: lack of officially-recognised identity.
Denied citizenship in their home country of Myanmar for decades, the Muslim minority was the target of a brutal campaign of violence by the military which culminated a year ago this week. A "clearance operation" led by Buddhist militia sent more than 700,000 Rohingya pouring over the border into Bangladesh, without passports or official ID.
The Myanmar government has since agreed to take the Rohingya back, but are refusing to grant them citizenship. Many Rohingya do not want to return and face life without a home or an identity. This growing crisis prompted Muhammad Noor and his team at the Rohingya Project to try to find a digital solution.
"Why does a centralised entity like a bank or government own my identity,"says Noor, a Rohingya community leader based in Kuala Lumpur. "Who are they to say if I am who I am?”
Using blockchain-based technology, Noor, is trialling the use of digital identity cards that aim to help Rohingya in Malaysia, Bangladesh and Saudi Arabia access services such as banking and education. The hope is that successful trials might lead to a system that can help the community across southeast Asia.
Under the scheme, a blockchain database is used to record individual digital IDs, which can then be issued to people once they have taken a test to verify that they are genuine Rohingya.
Noor's goal is to give Rohingya the power to reclaim their identities with a resilient system that their host countries will recognise, allowing them access to social programmes, legal rights, education and healthcare. At this stage, the Rohingya Project's main objective is to address the most prominent issue facing stateless peoples: financial exclusion.
Noor's team is one of a group of refugees and stateless peoples around the globe who are harnessing the power of blockchain technology to reclaim their identities.
The concept of the blockchain comes from the digital currency bitcoin, which tracks the movement of money around its ecosystem by grouping transactions into 10 minute-long blocks, each of which is inextricably linked to every previous block in a chain of transactions going back to the currency's creation.
Because of how those blocks are created and linked, they can serve as an immutable record of who owns what, even without any central authority verifying the network as a whole. That property – the idea of a decentralised, "trustless" database – has proved appealing to uses beyond e-money, with blockchain startups now offering everything from cloud computing to virtual trading cards.
It has gained popularity among humanitarians in recent years, with charities using it to transfer money cheaply and disburse aid to refugees.
Tufic Al Rjula's birth certificate was destroyed in Kuwait during the first Gulf war. Living for two years in a Dutch refugee camp as he worked through the asylum process, Al Rjula met more than 1,000 other "invisible"men, women and children whose identifying documents were either destroyed or unverifiable.
Years later, having personally experienced how centralised, paper-based IDs such as birth certificates, drivers licences and degrees can easily be lost, forged or misused, Al Rjula co-founded award-winning startup Tykn with Jimmy Snoek. Tykn's mission statement is to provide "self-sovereign identity to all".
轉(zhuǎn)自：燈塔大數(shù)據(jù)；微信：DTbigdata
責(zé)任編輯：陳近梅